Disinfo Digest, an analytical project of the Warsaw-based Info Ops Polska Foundation that monitors foreign propaganda and disinformation campaigns, said pro-Russian narratives focused on Eastern Shield, Poland’s defense program, military modernization and NATO exercises. The report said the messaging portrayed these measures as proof of Poland’s militarization and subordination to NATO, while casting border communities as bearing the costs. It also promoted a false choice between defense spending and public services, including health care and education. According to the report, Russian outlets falsely described exercises near Poland and Lithuania as preparations to blockade Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave. The analysis said such messaging aims to present Russia as merely reacting to Western escalation and to erode Polish public support for Ukraine.