The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) is widely seen in Ukraine as part of a struggle for independence, but in Poland it is associated with the Volhynia massacres between 1943 and 1945, in which Ukrainian nationalists killed tens of thousands of Polish civilians. Top Polish politicians condemned Zelenskyy’s decision, while President Karol Nawrocki, a nationalist, said he would seek to strip him of the Order of the White Eagle, Poland’s highest state decoration. The Foreign Ministry in Kyiv said only Moscow benefits from Polish-Ukrainian disputes.