Supporters, including the Netherlands and Germany, say the policy is aimed at speeding up returns and strengthening enforcement amid fears that conflicts in Iran, Sudan, and elsewhere could trigger new waves of refugees and migrants. The proposal reflects growing political pressure across the EU to tighten migration controls to avoid a repeat of the 2015 refugee crisis. Critics including the International Rescue Committee, a global humanitarian NGO, warn that such hubs could become legal gray zones where migrants are exposed to abuse and weak oversight.